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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-L-4-W1-2026-189-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Grid4Earth: An Open-Source Python Ecosystem for Geospatial Data Integration Using an Ellipsoidal HEALPix DGGS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Odaka</surname>
<given-names>Tina</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1500-0156</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Delouis</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Marc</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0713-1658</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Magin</surname>
<given-names>Justus</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4254-8002</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gueguen</surname>
<given-names>Camille</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cap</surname>
<given-names>Etienne</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0360-0692</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fouilloux</surname>
<given-names>Anne</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-2920</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bovy</surname>
<given-names>Benoit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Richard</surname>
<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5441-8213</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chan</surname>
<given-names>Wai Tik</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chrapkiewicz</surname>
<given-names>Kajetan Marcin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kmoch</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4386-4450</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>LOPS UMR 6523, CNRS-IFREMER-IRD-Univ. Brest-IUEM, Plouzane, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>LifeWatch ERIC, Seville, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>GEORODE, Liege, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Pablo Richard EI, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Landscape Geoinformatics Lab, Tartu, Estonia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>L-4/W1-2026</volume>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>195</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Tina Odaka et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W1-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W1-2026-189-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W1-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W1-2026-189-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W1-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W1-2026-189-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W1-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W1-2026-189-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The rapid growth in Earth observation (EO) and Digital Twin Earth data volumes creates a need for global, reproducible, and cloudnative spatial representations. Conventional latitude&amp;ndash;longitude grids and projected tiling systems remain useful, but they introduce projection boundaries, non-uniform cell areas, and repeated reprojection costs when combining multi-source products. Grid4Earth addresses this problem through an open-source Python ecosystem built around an ellipsoidal HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) representation and Zarr-based data handling. The ecosystem consists of four composable packages: &lt;code&gt;healpix-geo&lt;/code&gt; for WGS84-aware indexing and coverage queries, &lt;code&gt;healpix-resample&lt;/code&gt; for CPU/GPU-capable regridding, &lt;code&gt;healpix-plot&lt;/code&gt; for visualisation, and &lt;code&gt;healpix-analyse&lt;/code&gt; for diagnostics and analysis. We situate Grid4Earth in relation to previous DGGS comparisons, XDGGS, and OGC API &amp;ndash; DGGS work, focusing on the implementation layer required for EO workflows. When WGS84 geodetic latitude is passed directly to spherical HEALPix, local cell areas vary by up to approximately 0.9% because of Earth&amp;rsquo;s non-spherical shape. Grid4Earth preserves the HEALPix equal-area property on WGS84 through an authalic-latitude mapping. The ecosystem has been exercised in HEALPix/Zarr workflows for Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, ERA5, CAMS, and DestinE Climate Digital Twin outputs. This paper describes the ellipsoidal geometry, the CPU/GPU-capable resampling architecture, and the implementation of metadata fields defined by CF 1.13 and version 1 of the Pilot Zarr DGGS convention, establishing ellipsoidal HEALPix/Zarr as a common representation that connects climate and Digital Twin Earth datasets with ellipsoidal EO datasets.</p>
</abstract>
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