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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-193-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Building Municipal Digital Twin Readiness: From UAV Base Mapping to Operational 3D Geoportal Infrastructure</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Suwardhi</surname>
<given-names>Deni</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arianto</surname>
<given-names>Ilham Gumeraruloh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ambarwari</surname>
<given-names>Agus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Widyastuti</surname>
<given-names>Ratri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Murtiyoso</surname>
<given-names>Arnadi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abdulharis</surname>
<given-names>Rizqi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hernandi</surname>
<given-names>Andri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nurmaulia</surname>
<given-names>Sella Lestari</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Handayani</surname>
<given-names>Alfita Puspa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Putri</surname>
<given-names>Nabila Sofia Eryan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saptari</surname>
<given-names>Asep Yusup</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meilano</surname>
<given-names>Irwan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Darmakusuma</surname>
<given-names>Reza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Spatial System and Cadastral Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>PT Inovasi Mandiri Pratama, Geospatial Solutions Company, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Postgraduate Programmes, ITB, Bandung, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSA Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Photogrammetry and Geomatics Group, 67000, Strasbourg, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Computer Engineering Research Group, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, ITB, Bandung, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>L-4/W2-2026</volume>
<fpage>193</fpage>
<lpage>200</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Deni Suwardhi et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/193/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-193-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/193/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-193-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/193/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-193-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/193/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-193-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) are increasingly adopted to support evidence-based urban planning, municipal management, and municipal decision-making. However, many municipalities still lack the integrated geospatial infrastructure required to transform conventional mapping products into operational digital twin environments. This study proposes a Municipal Digital Twin Readiness Framework that systematically transforms UAV-derived geospatial data into a multi-representation three-dimensional (3D) geospatial infrastructure supporting future digital twin implementation. The framework consists of four sequential stages: (1) geospatial data acquisition and preprocessing using UAV photogrammetry, (2) automated generation of multi-representation 3D urban models through AI-assisted semantic extraction and urban object reconstruction, (3) development of an interoperable spatial data infrastructure based on open-source geospatial technologies, and (4) deployment of an operational web-based 3D geoportal through the UrbanScope platform. The framework was implemented in Cimahi City, Indonesia, demonstrating five progressive Municipal Digital Twin Readiness levels. The proposed approach supports complementary urban representations, including semantic city models, semantic meshes, and neural rendering models, according to different analytical and visualization requirements. The proposed framework provides municipalities with a scalable and replicable pathway for establishing interoperable multi-representation geospatial infrastructures that underpin future Urban Digital Twin ecosystems.</p>
</abstract>
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