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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-71-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Method for Topologically Consistent Polygon-to-Point Smooth Transitions in Vario-Scale Modelling</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gholami</surname>
<given-names>Amin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-4962</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Boguslawski</surname>
<given-names>Pawel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-9214</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meijers</surname>
<given-names>Martijn</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>GIS Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, Delft, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>L-4/W2-2026</volume>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>78</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Amin Gholami et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/71/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-71-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/71/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-71-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/71/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-71-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W2-2026/71/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W2-2026-71-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Continuous vario-scale representations provide an effective framework for modelling geographic objects across multiple Levels of Detail (LoDs). In polygon-to-point transitions, straight-skeleton-based generalization may produce spatially disconnected polygon fragments when the resulting LoD Transition Space (LTS) is sliced at intermediate LoDs, leading to topological inconsistencies. This paper proposes a geometry-refinement method based on longest-path LoD normalization. The straight-skeleton network is transformed into a weighted tree in which transition vertices form the nodes and horizontal Euclidean distances define the edge weights. The longest root-to-leaf path is then used as a reference for reassigning the LoD coordinates of the transition vertices. The method is evaluated on three synthetic geometries, a real-world park polygon, and 50 building footprints extracted from OpenStreetMap in Stalowa Wola, Poland. For all evaluated post-normalization intermediate states, no disconnected polygon was observed. In the 50-building experiment, the connectivity rate increased from 93.6% to 100%, while execution time and memory consumption increased by 15.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Re-triangulation increased the numbers of edges and faces by 53.9% and 135.2%. These results provide empirical evidence that longest-path-based LoD normalization can substantially improve topological consistency, although a general connectivity guarantee and the geometric effects of LoD modification require further investigation. Although the pre-normalization connectivity rate varies with input geometry and LoD sampling, all evaluated post-normalization intermediate states remained connected.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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