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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-L-4-W3-2026-145-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Data Model for Geometric, Semantic and Spatial Topology Validation of CityGML Datasets</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Riegel</surname>
<given-names>Luna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Betz</surname>
<given-names>Matthias</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coors</surname>
<given-names>Volker</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Stuttgart Technical University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Geomatics, Computer Science and Mathematics, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>L-4/W3-2026</volume>
<fpage>145</fpage>
<lpage>150</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Luna Riegel et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W3-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W3-2026-145-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W3-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W3-2026-145-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W3-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W3-2026-145-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/L-4-W3-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-L-4-W3-2026-145-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>3D city models are gaining importance across applications such as urban analytics and digital twins, where geometric and semantic data quality directly determine downstream usability. While tools for validating the geometric and semantic consistency of individual CityGML features already exist, support for validating the spatial topology between distinct features remains absent from current validation tools.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;This paper presents ongoing research extending the data model of CityDoctor2 (CD2), an open-source Java library for CityGML validation and repair, to enable spatial topology validation at city-model scale. We describe CD2&amp;rsquo;s existing data model and detail the architectural adaptations required to support topology checks: replacing the original streaming-based parser with a persistent, database-backed storage layer complemented by an in-memory cache, enabling spatial indexing, multi-threaded validation, and candidate-pair queries via bounding-box predicates. Performance evaluation on a CityGML test dataset shows the new architecture incurs a considerable increase in runtime when compared to the previous streaming approach, in exchange for the ability to perform spatial topology validation on datasets too large to hold entirely in memory.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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