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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-2-173-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Enhanced model for precise point positioning with single and dual frequency GPS/Galileo observables</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Afifi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El-Rabbany</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XL-2</volume>
<fpage>173</fpage>
<lpage>177</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 A. Afifi</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XL-2/173/2014/isprs-archives-XL-2-173-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XL-2/173/2014/isprs-archives-XL-2-173-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper introduces a newly developed model for both single and dual-frequency precise point positioning (PPP), which combines
GPS and Galileo observables. As is well known, a drawback of a single GNSS system is the availability of sufficient number of
visible satellites in urban areas. Combining GPS and Galileo systems offers more visible satellites to users, which is expected to
enhance the satellite geometry and the overall positioning solution. However, combining GPS and Galileo observables introduces
additional biases which require rigorous modelling, including the GPS to Galileo time offset (GGTO) and the inter-system bias. This
research introduces a new ionosphere-free linear combination model for GPS/Galileo PPP, which accounts for the additional errors
and biases. An additional unknown is introduced in the least-squares estimation model to account for the additional biases of the
GPS/Galileo PPP solution. It is shown that a sub-decimeter level positioning accuracy and 20% reduction in the solution
convergence time can be achieved with the newly developed GPS/Galileo PPP model.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="5"/></counts>
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