DISCUSSION AND REFLECTION ON SEVERAL CORE ISSUES IN T GRAND CANAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION PlANNING UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF APPLICATION FOR WORLD HERITAGE

At the turn of the century, a series of new heritage concepts have appeared in the area of international cultural heritage protection, such as cultural landscape, cultural route, heritage corridor, heritage canal, which presents the development of people’s recognition of cultural heritage. According to The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, management planning must be contained in the material used to apply for world heritage. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage designed the mission and work schedule of China’s Grand Canal conservation planning in 2008. This research will introduce the working system of China’s Grand Canal conservation planning on three levels: city, province and nation. It will also summarize the characteristics of the core technologies in China’s Grand Canal conservation planning, including key issues like the identification of the core characteristic of China’s Grand Canal, value assessment and determination of the protection scope. Through reviewing, thinking and analyzing the previous accomplishments, the research will offer some advices for the similar world heritage conservation planning after. At the turn of the century, a series of new heritage concepts have appeared in the area of international cultural heritage protection, such as cultural landscape, cultural route, heritage corridor, heritage canal, which presents the development of people’s recognition of cultural heritage. Under this historical background, the State Council declared the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (from the Spring and Autumn Period to Qing Dynasty) as the sixth key national cultural relics in 2006 and decided to apply for world cultural heritage in 2014. In March, 2008, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage held The Conference Concerning China’s Grand Canal Applying for World Heritage and China’s Grand Canal Conservation Planning Formulation Seminar in Yangzhou, which determined the tasks of China’s Grand Canal conservation planning and the general schedule. Making such a big-scale conservation planning in the name of the country is unprecedented. The Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage and Southeast University co-formulate The Requirements of Grand Canal Heritage Conservation Planning Formulation—Stage One (referred as Requirements in Stage One hereinafter) and The Requirements of Grand Canal Heritage Conservation Planning Formulation—Stage Two (referred as Requirements in Stage Two hereinafter) to guide the conservation planning formulation in cities and provinces respectively. This paper will focus on China’s Grand Canal heritage conservation planning and analyze the main technological points during the planning process. 1. CONSERVATION PLANNING SYSTEM AND BASIC

At the turn of the century, a series of new heritage concepts have appeared in the area of international cultural heritage protection, such as cultural landscape, cultural route, heritage corridor, heritage canal, which presents the development of people's recognition of cultural heritage.Under this historical background, the State Council declared the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (from the Spring and Autumn Period to Qing Dynasty) as the sixth key national cultural relics in 2006 and decided to apply for world cultural heritage in 2014.In March, 2008, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage held The Conference Concerning China's Grand Canal Applying for World Heritage and China's Grand Canal Conservation Planning Formulation Seminar in Yangzhou, which determined the tasks of China's Grand Canal conservation planning and the general schedule.Making such a big-scale conservation planning in the name of the country is unprecedented.The Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage and Southeast University co-formulate The Requirements of Grand Canal Heritage Conservation Planning Formulation-Stage One (referred as Requirements in Stage One hereinafter) and The Requirements of Grand Canal Heritage Conservation Planning Formulation-Stage Two (referred as Requirements in Stage Two hereinafter) to guide the conservation planning formulation in cities and provinces respectively.This paper will focus on China's Grand Canal heritage conservation planning and analyze the main technological points during the planning process.

Planning System
China's Grand Canal runs through eight administrative provinces and municipalities and over thirty five prefeprocture cities. Conservation planning system consists of planning on three levels: The first level is the municipal Grand Canal heritage conservation planning, the second level is the provincial Grand Canal heritage conservation planning and the third level is the national general planning for China's Grand Canal heritage conservation and management.

Core Features of China's Grand Canal
There are many different opinions of how to understand the features and connotation of China's Grand Canal heritage in the field of heritage conservation since China's Grand Canal heritage drew attention gradually.Among them, there are some representatives: scholars led by Ruan Yisan advocated to understand and assess China's Grand Canal heritage in the concept of cultural route (Ruan Yisan et al, 2008a).Scholars like Yu Kongjian believed that the concept of heritage corridor should be introduced into China's Grand Canal conservation planning and application for world heritage (Liwei et al, 2004a).While Xu Songling claimed China's Grand Canal should be regarded as "serial heritage"(Xu Songling, 2010).
The core feature of China's Grand Canal heritage determines what type of world heritage to apply for, and it also affects the classification and selection of the resources in the conservation planning and the direction of value assessment.If it is regarded as a cultural route, China's Grand Canal heritage should be classified and graded according to its historic significance and cultural implication.Starting from the angle of water conservancy project, watercourses and hydraulic facilities will be main factors of China's Grand Canal heritage.As planning carries on, the planning team realizes that their understanding of China's Grand Canal heritage in the past is focused on its historic and humanistic value, and researches about engineering technologies employed in China's Grand Canal are rare.The World Canal Heritage List points out that the importance and value of a canal heritage can be measured in the following aspects: technological factor, economic factor, social factor and landscape, among which the technological factor is the core.The feature of engineering technologies in China's Grand Canal has gradually become the focus of the planning (Figure2).

The Identification of China's Grand Canal Heritage
China's Grand Canal heritage includes related rivers and all kinds of relics and remains directly involving in the development of China's Grand Canal.The relics and remains have outstanding universal value, and they can represent the history and importance of China's Grand Canal water conservancy project and can be proved by relevant archaeological evidence, substance, scientific data and definite documentary.Considering legal protection types of Chinese cultural heritage, the priority of requirements in both stages is the principle of recording all kinds of relevant heritages and their setting.

Value Assessment of China's Grand Canal heritage
Combination of integral assessment and classified assessment and combination of qualitative assessment and quantitative assessment are two important methods.In the Stage three of planning, the planning team pays more attention to system value based on the features of engineering technologies in China's Grand Canal heritage, thus they adopted the method combing all-line assessment with section assessment.

Combination of Qualitative Assessment and
Quantitative Assessment: Some cities (for instance: Beijing, Changzhou and Zhenjiang in Jiangsu province) employed the technology of GIS to do qualitative assessment and quantitative assessment in their conservation planning.Quantitative assessment needs an assessment indicator system to grade individual heritage to determine its value.Quantitative assessment gives a more specific grade of the value of heritages and makes a contrast between them in order to decide the key conservation requirements.However, some factors in this assessment, like historic value, engineering technology, planning technology and affection, authenticity and integrity of the project, can only be estimated combining with documentaries and interviews.Qualitative assessment can make up for the shortcoming of quantitative assessment.

Protection Zoning in the Third Level Conservation Planning
Protection zoning is the key content in conservation and management of China's Grand Canal heritage.China's Grand Canal heritage conservation planning can be divided into three stages.It needs to be specific in the conservation planning about the relationship of the protection zoning in these three stage conservation planning and the standard to follow when there are differences. Considering

Protection Zoning in Municipal Conservation Planning
There are two outstanding characteristics of Protection zoning in municipal conservation planning: The first one is emphasis on the principle of legality.This contribution has been peer-reviewed.doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W7-471-2015

REFLECTION ON THE PLANNING
The first of The General Planning for China's Grand Canal Heritage Conservation and Management submitted to relevant department of the State Council for opinions in December, 2010.After two years of modification, it was finally declared and implemented in December, 2012.Improvement opinions from relevant departments represent different values and interest demands.Although the planning team discussed the problem that core technologies should approach international standard and be in accordance with our national conditions at the same time during the process of planning, the operability of the protection zoning still faces a lot of queries due to the implicit cohesive mechanism between relevant departments.Conservation planning of linear, large-scale and cross-system cultural heritages like China's Grand Canal is still in exploring, and making adjustment in compiling techniques and methods will still be the theme in a long run.
Considering that engineering technology value is the core value of China's Grand Canal heritage, Requirements in Stage Two lists "water conservancy and water transportation project heritage" as the first core Canal heritage.The General Planning for China's Grand Canal Heritage Conservation and Management in stage three divides the resources of China's Grand Canal heritage into Canal hydraulic heritage, Canal affiliated heritage and Canal relevant heritage based on the closeness to features of engineering technologies of China's Grand Canal.
Requirements in Stage One classifies China's Grand Canal heritage into five categories, China's Grand Canal water conservancy project and relevant cultural heritage, China's Grand Canal settlement heritage, other tangible cultural heritage of China's Grand Canal, China's Grand Canal environment and landscape and other relevant intangible cultural heritage of China's Grand Canal.3.1 Value Types of China's Grand CanalApplication for the world heritage stimulates people to think about the multi-values of China's Grand Canal heritage.From the accomplishments of municipal conservation planning in Innavigable Hebi section Navigable Jining section Water control project of Huaian Historical district of Wuxi Figure 2. Status of different canal sections the reality situation that the municipal level planning was finished before Provincial and national level planning, the General Planning of the Grand Canal Heritage Conservation and Management stipulate that setting the principle of the Grand Canal heritage protection area and development controlling area should base on adjusting and integrating the protection zone which set by the Stage one planning.However, specific boundary of protection zone and development area in provincial level planning could consider the specific condition of difference province, and it still is guidance and principle-based boundary(CACG, 2011).At last, all cities should carry out assessment of protection zoning and protection demands of the Grand Canal heritage under the guideline of provincial planning.If there are no severe conflicts, it should be carried out in accordance with municipal level planning.Therefore, the main purpose of the protection zoning in provincial level planning and national level planning is uniform standard, and the feasible protection zoning lies in municipal planning.