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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W2-155-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Line-based Classification of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data using Conditional Random Field</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sohn</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>GeoICT Laboratory, Department of Earth and Space Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XL-7/W2</volume>
<fpage>155</fpage>
<lpage>160</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 C. Luo</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XL-7-W2/155/2013/isprs-archives-XL-7-W2-155-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XL-7-W2/155/2013/isprs-archives-XL-7-W2-155-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper describes a line-based classification method, which labels TLS point clouds into vertical object, ground, tree and low objects.
A local classifier implements labeling task on individual site independently of its neighborhood, the inference of which often suffers from
similar local appearance across different object classes. In this paper, we describe an approach using contextual information as postclassification
improvement to a local generative classifier. The contextual information is expected to compensate for ambiguity in objects&apos;
visual appearance. A generative classifier is produced using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), model parameters of which are iteratively
optimized with Expectation-Maximization (EM). The model we use to incorporate contextual information is the Conditional Random
Field (CRF), which improves the classification results obtained from GMM-EM classifier by incorporating neighborhood interactions
among labeled objects as well as local appearance. The proposed method was validated with three TLS datasets acquired from RIEGL
LMS-Z390i scanner using cross validation.</p>
</abstract>
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