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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-627-2020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>BILGE DUMP AUTOMATIC ALERT SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA OCEANS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mdakane</surname>
<given-names>L. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meyer</surname>
<given-names>R. G. V.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sibolla</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Spatial Information Systems, e-Government, NextGen Enterprises and Institutions, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>06</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIII-B1-2020</volume>
<fpage>627</fpage>
<lpage>630</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2020 L. W. Mdakane et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B1-2020/627/2020/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-627-2020.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B1-2020/627/2020/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-627-2020.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B1-2020/627/2020/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-627-2020.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B1-2020/627/2020/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-627-2020.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Oil spill over the sea surface formed because of oil-tanker accidents or illegal bilge dumping of tankers can cause significant environmental damage depending on the location and amount. The international legislation contains minor and well-defined exceptions related to ocean areas (internal waters, marine protected areas, MARPOL “special” areas, territorial seas or exclusive economic zones). These areas often determine whether or not an action is considered legal/illegal and define the rights and obligations, including law enforcement obligations. Deliberated oil spill are often caused by vessels illegally discharging oily waste during cleaning operations. To minimise the ecological impact caused by the oil spill, a rapid response from the authorities is required. To facilitate the quick response, we propose an automated bilge dump alert system based on space-borne SAR analysis over Southern Africa oceans. The proposed alert system detects potential bilge dumps and classifies them according to confidence and alert levels. The confidence levels described the quality of the detected bilge dump, based on the probability measures of the observed bilge candidates. The alert levels described the enormity of the alert based on the detection location and confidence level. The system showed promising results in classifying bilge dumps according to the alert level.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="4"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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