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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>UTILISING SIMULATED TREE DATA TO TRAIN SUPERVISED CLASSIFIERS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rönnholm</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wittke</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ingman</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Putkiranta</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kauhanen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kaartinen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-3942</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vaaja</surname>
<given-names>M. T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. BOX 14100, 00076 AALTO, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, 02430 Masala, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIII-B2-2022</volume>
<fpage>633</fpage>
<lpage>639</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2022 P. Rönnholm et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B2-2022/633/2022/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B2-2022/633/2022/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B2-2022/633/2022/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIII-B2-2022/633/2022/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The aim of our research was to examine whether simulated forest data can be utilized for training supervised classifiers. We included two classifiers namely the random forest classifier and the novel convolutional neural network classifier that utilizes feature images. We simulated tree parameters and created a feature vector for each tree. The original feature vector was utilised with random forest classifier. However, these feature vectors were also converted into feature images suitable for input into a YOLO (You Only Look Once) convolutional neural network classifier. The selected features were red colour, green colour, near-infrared colour, tree height divided by canopy diameter, and NDVI. The random forest classifier and convolutional neural network classifier performed similarly both with simulated data and field-measured reference data. As a result, both methods were able to identify correctly 97.5 % of the field-measured reference trees. Simulated data allows much larger training data than what could be feasible from field measurements.</p>
</abstract>
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