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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-103-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Insights into the PAS Pana Stitching Algorithm</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ladstädter</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gutjahr</surname>
<given-names>Karlheinz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Riegler</surname>
<given-names>Erich</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Perko</surname>
<given-names>Roland</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>JOANNEUM RESEARCH DIGITAL, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>103</fpage>
<lpage>112</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Richard Ladstädter et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/103/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-103-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/103/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-103-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/103/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-103-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/103/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-103-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In this paper, we describe a modern, efficient, accurate and reliable stitching algorithm that JOANNEUM RESEARCH (JR) has developed for the Phase One PAS Pana multi-camera system. The goal is to generate one large output image (four-channels including RGB and NIR) in nadir geometry. Based on the experience from a workflow developed in 2024, an improved stitching algorithm has been designed in 2025 which uses so called &amp;ldquo;controlled&amp;rdquo; projective transformations and simultaneous adjustment of all available image overlaps. We give insight into the role of projective transformations for fusing the images of calibrated cameras in a virtual image plane and how we moved on from the classical eight parameter transformation to a &amp;ldquo;controlled&amp;rdquo; transformation using only six, physically meaningful parameters. Experiments with real image data from a flight mission over Denver, USA demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the new stitching algorithm.</p>
</abstract>
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