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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-121-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Estimating laser scanner’s effective laser beam footprint using line spread function</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>AbdelGafar</surname>
<given-names>Omar</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3746-8980</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Palaz</surname>
<given-names>Selin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Yihui</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-1073</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lichti</surname>
<given-names>Derik</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holst</surname>
<given-names>Christoph</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Chair of Engineering Geodesy, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>121</fpage>
<lpage>128</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Omar AbdelGafar et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/121/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-121-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/121/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-121-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/121/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-121-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/121/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-121-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate characterization of the terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) beam footprint is essential for understanding the stochastic behavior of the scanner. Estimating the laser footprint is crucial for determining the correlation length between neighboring observations, and thus for providing a realistic estimation of the correlation elements within the variance-covariance matrix quantifying the measurement uncertainties. In this contribution, an intensity-based workflow is introduced to estimate the effective laser beam footprint by deriving the line spread function (LSF) from the edge spread function (ESF). This effective laser beam footprint depends on the dynamic surface response over the interaction region between the emitted laser beam and the surface. The proposed method applies no assumptions regarding the geometric or physical behavior of the beam, allowing the footprint to be determined directly from the measured intensity values. Using the BOTA8 target, the Z+F Imager 5016A was investigated at two different distances and two scanning rates with varying mirror rotation speeds. The results provide insights into the influence of distance and scanning rate on the effective laser beam footprint.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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