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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-145-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Design and Development of a Livox-Based Indoor Surveying System for Floor Mapping Applications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Darwish</surname>
<given-names>Walid</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-6052</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abdelmageed</surname>
<given-names>Mostafa G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baraka</surname>
<given-names>Moustafa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>ElShazly</surname>
<given-names>Adel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Senousi</surname>
<given-names>Ahmad M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ahmed</surname>
<given-names>Wael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Geomatics Engineering Lab, Public Works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NAMAA for Engineering Consultations, Dokki , Giza 12612, Egypt</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Mechanical Design &amp; Production Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Civil Engineering Program, German University in Cairo 11835, Egypt</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>145</fpage>
<lpage>150</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Walid Darwish et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-145-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-145-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-145-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/145/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-145-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition of indoor environments remains a challenging and resource-intensive task, particularly for fully furnished spaces. This study presents the development and implementation of a low-cost wearable surveying system for efficient 3D indoor data acquisition. The proposed system integrates a Livox Mid-360 LiDAR sensor and an RGB camera mounted on a helmet, both controlled via a mini-PC unit for synchronized data collection. The captured LiDAR frames and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data are fused with RGB imagery using a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) framework to generate 3D reconstruction of interior structures. The resulting point clouds and wall models are evaluated based on RANSAC line fitting method to assess their geometric accuracy and structural consistency. Moreover, a ground truth measurements were collected to verify the absolute accuracy of the resulting point clouds. The proposed approach demonstrates the potential of cost-effective, portable solutions for indoor 3D mapping and documentation with a cm-level of accuracy.</p>
</abstract>
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