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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-201-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Loose Coupling Modeling of LiDAR-based Localization and SLAM</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wen</surname>
<given-names>Chenglu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Huanjia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Cheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Fujian Key Laboratory of Urban Intelligent Sensing and Computing, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Key Laboratory of Multimedia Trusted Perception and Efficient Computing, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>201</fpage>
<lpage>207</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Chenglu Wen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/201/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-201-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/201/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-201-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/201/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-201-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/201/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-201-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In recent years, LiDAR-based localization has been widely explored. Among them, Scene Coordinate Regression (SCR)-based methods have demonstrated outstanding accuracy and robustness in city scenes. Integrating these models with traditional Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) methods is expected to enhance localization accuracy and reliability further. This paper proposes loosely coupled fusion methods integrating an SCR model with SLAM to improve localization accuracy and robustness. The approach addresses the information loss problem in high-level sensor fusion while maintaining computational efficiency. The method achieves tighter data association and complementary performance advantages by strategically combining LiDAR-based localization results with SLAM pose estimates. Experimental results in the NCLT and HeLiPR datasets demonstrate that the proposed fusion framework effectively corrects SLAM drift and maintains stable pose estimation accuracy under diverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, the sparse-frame coupling strategy significantly reduces computational overhead without degrading localization performance, making the method suitable for practical applications. The system exhibits improved robustness across regions and LiDAR configurations while preserving real-time operation capabilities.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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