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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-315-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating RTK GNSS-Assisted Close-Range Photogrammetry for Cultural Heritage Applications without GCPs</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ostrowski</surname>
<given-names>Wojciech</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-1546</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Węzka</surname>
<given-names>Kinga</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brzozowska-Jawornicka</surname>
<given-names>Aleksandra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of History of Architecture, Art and Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>315</fpage>
<lpage>321</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Wojciech Ostrowski et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/315/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-315-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/315/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-315-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/315/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-315-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/315/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-315-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study examines the potential of RTK GNSS-integrated close-range photogrammetry for documenting cultural heritage without the need for ground control points (GCPs). The research focuses on evaluating the GEOSTIX-X5 GNSS receiver, which enables direct synchronisation with a camera via the flash hot shoe, providing precise time-stamping of image capture events. The case study was conducted at Tomb 8 of the Tombs of the Kings in Paphos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and compares two datasets: a conventional photogrammetric survey from 2022 using GCPs and a 2025 survey employing GNSS-assisted photogrammetry. Both terrestrial and UAV imagery were acquired and processed in Agisoft Metashape, with accuracy assessment performed through cloud-to-cloud comparison in CloudCompare. Results indicate that the GNSS-integrated approach achieved single centimetre-level accuracy and no systematic scale errors. The findings demonstrate that RTK GNSS-assisted photogrammetry can significantly reduce fieldwork complexity while maintaining high accuracy, offering a promising alternative for heritage documentation where GCP placement is impractical or undesirable.</p>
</abstract>
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