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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-443-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Combining and Processing Airborne Laser Scanning and Crowdsourced Terrestrial Images for Bilberry High-Yield Maps</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hyyppä</surname>
<given-names>Susanna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Taher</surname>
<given-names>Josef</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hyyppä</surname>
<given-names>Matti</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Matikainen</surname>
<given-names>Leena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>Xiaowei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kaartinen</surname>
<given-names>Harri</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-3942</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saarinen</surname>
<given-names>Oskari</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karila</surname>
<given-names>Kirsi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Luoma</surname>
<given-names>Ville</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Turtiainen</surname>
<given-names>Marjut</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Partanen</surname>
<given-names>Birgitta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Näsi</surname>
<given-names>Roope</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maanpää</surname>
<given-names>Jyri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Puttonen</surname>
<given-names>Eetu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0985-4443</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kivimäki</surname>
<given-names>Arttu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-3071</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vastaranta</surname>
<given-names>Mikko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kukko</surname>
<given-names>Antero</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-6533</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hyyppä</surname>
<given-names>Hannu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vaaja</surname>
<given-names>Matti</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Remondino</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-5342</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Takhtkeshha</surname>
<given-names>Narges</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hyyppä</surname>
<given-names>Juha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>FGI, Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Aalto University, Department of Built Environment, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Arctic Flavours Association, FI-89600 Suomussalmi, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>3D Optical Metrology (3DOM) unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>443</fpage>
<lpage>448</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Susanna Hyyppä et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/443/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-443-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/443/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-443-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/443/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-443-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/443/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-443-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Forests provide essential ecosystem services beyond timber, yet locating high-yield areas for non-wood forest products such as bilberries (&lt;em&gt;Vaccinium myrtillus&lt;/em&gt;) remains a challenge for both recreational and commercial pickers. By integrating Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), Geographical Information System (GIS) data, and crowdsourced terrestrial imagery analyzed via deep learning (YOLO), we developed a predictive system optimized for identifying high-yield hotspots. We demonstrate that YOLO detection remains highly accurate, but plant height significantly contributes to berry omission. However, this limitation can be mitigated by selecting the maximum berry count from multi-angle terrestrial images. Using a Random Forest classifier across a 36-km&amp;sup2; study area in Nuuksio, Finland, we achieved a precision of 58% for the highest yield category. This represents a 20-fold increase in the probability of encountering a high-yield area compared to random searching. Extensive user testing over two years validated the practical utility of the system, showing a 22.5% increase in harvested yield and a 36.5% reduction in time required to locate hotspots. Furthermore, 97% of users reported that the platform provided an accurate big picture of bilberry yield. These results highlight the potential of combining crowdsourced citizen science with advanced LiDAR metrics to create digital twins of forest ecosystems that enhance human interaction with nature and optimize the sustainable harvest of wild food resources.</p>
</abstract>
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