<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-449-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Comparative Assessment of GeoAI-Based Frameworks for Automatic Urban Tree Cover Mapping</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pirotti</surname>
<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-6406</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Avesani</surname>
<given-names>Linda</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-7013</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pianetti</surname>
<given-names>Matteo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Greco</surname>
<given-names>Riccardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dezio</surname>
<given-names>Catherine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Quaglia</surname>
<given-names>Davide</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Interdepartmental Research Center of Geomatics (CIRGEO), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Land, Environment and Agro-Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Informatics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>449</fpage>
<lpage>455</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Francesco Pirotti et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/449/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-449-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/449/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-449-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/449/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-449-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/449/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-449-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate mapping of urban tree canopy is essential for quantifying ecosystem services and assessing the impact of green infrastructure on wellbeing and public health. This study evaluates and compares three Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) frameworks for the automated detection and segmentation of tree cover. The frameworks are YOLO, Detectree, and TreeEyed Utilizing high-resolution aerial imagery (0.2 m and 0.5 m ground sampling distance), the research tests different deep-learning paradigms, including object detection and semantic segmentation. The results indicate that while object-based models like YOLO align closely with statistical baselines (30.83% vs 30.11%), pixel-based models such as Detectree may underestimate fragmented urban vegetation. The study highlights the effectiveness of the TreeEyed QGIS plugin for urban applications and emphasizes the necessity of local LiDAR-derived data for model validation. Further studies would benefit from ad-hoc training with correct co-registration and consistent coordinate reference systems across layers.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>