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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-647-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>MRGF: A robust SLAM Framework based on Millimeter wave Radar and GNSS Fusion in Harsh Environments</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Qu</surname>
<given-names>Fangcheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Yuheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>Xianlang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>Youchen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Jian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, 430074 Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Hubei Luojia laboratory, Wuhan University, 430074 Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>College of Earth and Space Sciences, Wuhan University, 430074 Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, 430074 Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 430074 Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>653</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Fangcheng Qu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/647/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-647-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/647/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-647-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/647/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-647-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/647/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-647-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Maritime vehicles face significant positioning challenges under adverse weather conditions where visual and laser SLAM systems suffer from severe degradation. Millimeter-wave radar offers inherent robustness to weather interference, yet single-band radar cannot simultaneously achieve accurate translation and robust attitude estimation.This paper proposes a complementary fusion framework for multi-band radar odometry.This system leverages W-band radar (CFEAR) for reliable translation estimation and combines it with X-band radar (LodeStar) to improve rotational estimation robustness. The main innovations are as follows:(1) A complementary fusion framework exploiting the complementary characteristics of W-band and X-band radar; (2) A quality-aware adaptive weighting mechanism dynamically computing fusion weights based on sensor data quality assessment; (3) A consistency gating mechanism monitoring inter-sensor agreement and activating protective measures during sensor degradation.Experiments on the MOANA maritime dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves stable and reliable local motion estimation, reaching an RTE RMSE of 1.67 m on the Near-Port sequence.</p>
</abstract>
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