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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-77-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluation of VGGT with ALS Point Clouds for Large-Scale Dense Mapping</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Yandi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El-Sheimy</surname>
<given-names>Naser</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geomatic Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>82</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Yandi Yang</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/77/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-77-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/77/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-77-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/77/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-77-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/77/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-77-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We present a framework that integrates ground-level imagery with Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds. While the Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer (VGGT) enables dense geometry estimation from uncalibrated images, its application is limited by non-metric results and high GPU requirements. By leveraging publicly available, georeferenced ALS point clouds as an external metric constraint, our system restores absolute scale and global coordinates without requiring high-grade GNSS/INS or expensive on-board LiDAR systems. We introduce a confidence-weighted Sim (3) registration algorithm that utilizes a learned confidence mask to filter out unreliable points in dense street-level reconstructions. Experimental evaluations conducted on large-scale urban datasets demonstrate the average check point errors of 0.77 meters in Hong Kong dataset and 0.69 meters in Wuhan dataset, showing great potentials of feed-forward models in large-scale outdoor dense mapping.</p>
</abstract>
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