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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-93-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>PanX.4: A Gyrocopter-Borne Six-Band VNIR Multicamera System for Sentinel-2-Aligned Multitemporal Vegetation Monitoring</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jenal</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4839</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kröber</surname>
<given-names>Felix</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frank</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-5183</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krisztian</surname>
<given-names>Lina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Metz</surname>
<given-names>Markus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roscher</surname>
<given-names>Ribana</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-6210</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bongartz</surname>
<given-names>Jens</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Application Center for Machine Learning and Sensor Technologies (AMLS), University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>CISS TDI GmbH, Sinzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>mundialis GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B1-2026</volume>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>101</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Alexander Jenal et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/93/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-93-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/93/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-93-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/93/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-93-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B1-2026/93/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B1-2026-93-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Cross-scale vegetation monitoring of protected European grassland habitats requires sub-meter-resolution imagery that is spectrally consistent with Sentinel-2 time series. We present PanX.4, a gyrocopter-borne six-band VNIR multicamera system designed for spectral alignment with Sentinel-2 MSI bands B02&amp;ndash;B06 and B08. The deployed system uses six monochrome 24.6 MP image sensors equipped with bandpass/interference filters spanning 8&amp;ndash;130 nm FWHM, integrated into a tri-sensor airborne suite with RGB and VNIR&amp;ndash;SWIR payloads on the FlugKit aerial carrier platform. Spectral band adjustment factor (SBAF) analysis quantifying the spectral harmonization quality between PanX.4 and Sentinel-2 was carried out using 1,057 ECOSTRESS spectra. All bands achieved R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;gt; 0.99; for Sentinel-2A, RMSE values ranged from 3 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;4&lt;/sup&gt; (B06) to 9.7 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; (B05). Comparative filter screening identified EO560- 20 as the preferred B03 filter and confirmed an approximately 90% RMSE reduction for B06 relative to the legacy BN740 configuration. To deploy the system for multitemporal vegetation monitoring, a multi-year analysis of 86,947 first-mowing observations from 2017 to 2024 reveals substantial interannual variability, supporting a three-window multitemporal acquisition strategy synchronized with management-driven vegetation dynamics at Natura 2000 sites. Together, these results establish the sensordesign and temporal-planning basis for Sentinel-2-harmonized multitemporal airborne monitoring at spatial resolutions two orders of magnitude finer than satellite coverage.</p>
</abstract>
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