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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1011-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>3D Reconstruction of Reindeer Antlers Using a Low-Cost Optical Camera system and Gaussian Splatting</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cramb</surname>
<given-names>Julian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lichti</surname>
<given-names>Derek</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Matyas</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jabari</surname>
<given-names>Shabnam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, 3 Bailey Dr, Fredericton, NB, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>1011</fpage>
<lpage>1020</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Julian Cramb et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1011/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1011-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1011/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1011-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1011/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1011-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1011/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1011-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Caribou and reindeer antlers provide valuable insights for biodiversity, environmental monitoring, and regenerative medicine. However, traditional methods for measuring antlers rely on manual, time-intensive techniques prone to human error and ethical concerns due to physical animal interaction. This project aims to address these limitations by developing an automated, non-invasive 3D reconstruction pipeline utilizing optical imagery and Gaussian Splatting (GS). The system employs a multi-camera setup to capture high-resolution optical imagery, addressing challenges such as motion artifacts and inconsistent lighting. Prior approaches using time-of-flight cameras suffer from lower quality data, impact from subject movement and interference between cameras. GS-based methods using optical imagery are able to handle these conditions more effectively. Initial development and testing in a laboratory environment replicating the animal pen has shown strong results. With comparison to a reference laser scanner derived point cloud, a cloud-to-cloud mean distance of 3.4-3.7 mm was achieved. The system has been installed at the animal pen and one season of collection was performed; preliminary results showing good quantitative accuracies. The project&amp;rsquo;s objectives include the production of high-quality 3D reconstructions of reindeer antlers, with the capability to handle subject movement. Expected outcomes include an automated 3D modeling pipeline, high-quality antler datasets spanning 2 growth cycles, providing valuable data for interdisciplinary research. These results will progress the understanding of antler growth dynamics and provide a scalable solution for future endeavors. By integrating optical imaging techniques with GS-processing, this research offers a novel approach to generating 3D models of antlers with wide-ranging applications.</p>
</abstract>
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