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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1075-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>3D Reconstruction of deciduous Trees using low-cost UAV - and Crane-based
Photogrammetry for Monitoring Shoot Elongation across entire Canopies</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nebiker</surname>
<given-names>Stephan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8574-1988</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tschanz</surname>
<given-names>Micha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Amport</surname>
<given-names>Nando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baumgarten</surname>
<given-names>Frederik</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-8384</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geomatics, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Physiological Plant Ecology group, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>1075</fpage>
<lpage>1083</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Stephan Nebiker et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1075/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1075-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1075/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1075-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1075/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1075-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1075/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1075-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Tree growth determines how much CO2 is sequestered from the atmosphere and temporarily stored in woody biomass. At the same time tree growth is affected by increasing temperatures, more frequent drought periods, late frosts and other extreme events associated with climate change. While continuous measurements of radial (secondary) tree growth using dendrometers are well established, monitoring of shoot elongation (primary growth) has largely been neglected because suitable measurement techniques are lacking. As a result, the effects of climate change on primary tree growth remain insufficiently understood. This work aims at reconstructing native deciduous trees in 3D as a basis for measuring and monitoring shoot elongation over entire tree canopies. Here we explored the use of low-cost UAV photogrammetry and of a multi-camera CraneCam system under real-world conditions. Data were collected in two study areas over an entire growing season. We present sensor evaluations, photogrammetric data acquisition and processing strategies. A special focus is placed on the analysis of the resulting photogrammetric 3D point clouds in terms of accuracy, resolution and completeness. Results demonstrate 3D point accuracies of 5-6 mm for entire trees using consumer-grade UAVs weighing less than 250 g and a 3D reconstruction completeness between 92% and 98% depending on the UAV type. The paper introduces a novel 3D&amp;szlig;printed ground-truth branch to evaluate the capability to reconstructing fine-detail structures such as thin tree shoots. Finally, we discuss operational challenges and initial experiments towards a skeletonization of entire trees based on photogrammetric point clouds.</p>
</abstract>
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