<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1161-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Multispectral Drone-in-a-box System – Geometric System Calibration and Validation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Koivumäki</surname>
<given-names>Niko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Suomalainen</surname>
<given-names>Juha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hakala</surname>
<given-names>Teemu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Honkavaara</surname>
<given-names>Eija</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Geospatial Institute in National Land Survey of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>1161</fpage>
<lpage>1166</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Niko Koivumäki et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1161/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1161-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1161/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1161-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1161/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1161-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/1161/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-1161-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Drone-in-a-Box (DiaB) systems provide an automated remote sensing solution by integrating uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) with weather-resistant docking stations and cloud-based data processing. This architecture enables continuous operation, automated mission execution, and the generation of near real-time data products through combined onboard and cloud-based workflows. This offers significant new potential across a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, infrastructure inspection, emergency response, sustainable forestry, and precision agriculture. The objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate the geometric performance of a novel multispectral DiaB system. A primary geometric processing pipeline was implemented, incorporating high-precision GNSS/IMU-based positioning and rigorous system calibration. The system&amp;rsquo;s performance was assessed in controlled test field conditions and in operational forestry environment. The results demonstrated that the system was capable of achieving cm-level geometric accuracy and reliable photogrammetric processing without the use of &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; ground control points when bundle block adjustment is applied. Direct georeferencing provided dm-level accuracy. The findings indicate that the proposed system enables efficient and reliable data acquisition, while current limitations of its fully autonomous use are primarily related to data transfer constraints affecting real-time processing capabilities.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>