Automatic Extraction and Multi-Class Instance Segmentation of Rural Road Networks from Orthoimagery using YOLOv11 and SAHI Sliced Inference for Cadastral Update

Abstract. Extracting road networks from high-resolution imagery remains a significant challenge in geomatics, particularly in fragmented rural landscapes. The big difficulty is the spectral similarities between unpaved tracks and agricultural backgrounds that can lead to classification errors. This study proposes an automated geospatial pipeline based on the YOLOv11 architecture. Specifically, the approach is made on the optimization of the multi-class road detection in the rural areas of Kosina and Markowa, two villages in Poland. To reduce the computational effort, due to large-scale 9000×9000 px orthophotos and to improve the detection of small-scale features, Slicing Aided Hyper Inference (SAHI) strategy was integrated. High-resolution imagery has been decomposed into optimized tiles, ensuring feature continuity across boundaries and preventing GPU memory overhead. The instance segmentation model was trained on a custom-annotated dataset, with seven labels (categories) such as internal paved roads, rural tracks, and railway infrastructures. Therefore, a high level of robustness has been achieved reaching a mean Average Precision value (mAP@0.5) of 0.90. A confusion matrix reveals quantitatively that the pipeline effectively distinguishes between complex classes and low omission rates. As a result, the generated outputs are converted into interoperable GeoJSON format ensuring their integration into GIS environments. In conclusion, the experimental result demonstrates that the framework is valuable for emergency response logistics and urban planning. It offers a scalable and near real-time solution for updating national topographic databases.