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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-143-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Pixel-Accurate Registration of Photogrammetric Images and LiDAR in a Hybrid Airborne Oblique Imaging System</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Deng</surname>
<given-names>Deyan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3877-2019</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Qin</surname>
<given-names>Rongjun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Farella</surname>
<given-names>Elisa Mariarosaria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Remondino</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-5342</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>3D Optical Metrology (3DOM) unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>143</fpage>
<lpage>149</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Deyan Deng et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/143/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-143-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/143/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-143-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/143/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-143-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/143/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-143-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Hybrid airborne imaging systems integrating oblique photogrammetric cameras and LiDAR sensors provide complementary geometric and radiometric information for high-fidelity 3D reconstruction. While LiDAR offers stable global geometric accuracy, photogrammetric reconstructions provide dense surface detail and rich fac&amp;cedil;ade information through oblique imaging. However, photogrammetric models often exhibit locally varying geometric drift caused by error accumulation during bundle adjustment, preventing pixel-accurate alignment between images and LiDAR data. Conventional global registration approaches are insufficient to correct such spatially varying misalignments. In this paper, we propose a view-dependent fusion framework for pixel-accurate registration between photogrammetric images and LiDAR data. The global alignment problem is decomposed into localized rigid registrations performed independently for each image. For each view, a local photogrammetric point cloud reconstructed from depth maps is rigidly aligned to a corresponding LiDAR subset using fixed-scale point-to-plane ICP. The estimated transformation is used to project LiDAR points into the image domain, where depth-consistency checks enforce visibility constraints and remove inconsistent measurements. Valid LiDAR points are colorized and fused with the photogrammetric reconstruction to generate anchored view-dependent point clouds. Finally, all view-dependent reconstructions are aggregated using voxel-grid fusion with medianbased point selection. Experiments on airborne oblique imaging datasets demonstrate improved reconstruction completeness and pixel-level consistency between images and LiDAR geometry. The proposed framework provides a practical and robust solution for high-accuracy multi-modal 3D reconstruction in complex urban environments.</p>
</abstract>
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