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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-321-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Low-cost stereo vision and deep learning for river water level measurement</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zamboni</surname>
<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krüger</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bertalan</surname>
<given-names>László</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-2710</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Blanch</surname>
<given-names>Xabier</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-4475</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hindorf</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eltner</surname>
<given-names>Anette</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-6245</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Debrecen, Hungary</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>321</fpage>
<lpage>326</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pedro Zamboni et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/321/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-321-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/321/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-321-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/321/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-321-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/321/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-321-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The increasing frequency of extreme hydrological events, driven by climate change, necessitates dense and scalable water level monitoring networks. We evaluate a low-cost, non-contact, stereo-vision camera system for automated water level estimation. We compare two distinct image-processing pipelines &amp;mdash; with and without semantic masking &amp;mdash; to determine their camera pose stability and measurement accuracy. Our results show that raw stereo-vision estimates are highly correlated with reference sensor measurements (correlations ranging from 0.70 to 0.77), capturing the overall hydrologic behavior. By implementing a masking technique to isolate static environmental features, we successfully corrected a baseline error (i.e., offset), aligning the system with the true physical geometry. Although masking improves absolute accuracy, it introduces transient instability (i.e., spikes in pose estimation). This study serves as a proof of concept for the deployment of low-cost, edge-based stereo-vision systems in hydrological monitoring.</p>
</abstract>
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