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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-335-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Incremental Semantics-Aided Meshing from LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and RGB Direct Label Transfer</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Affan</surname>
<given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4833-1268</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lehtola</surname>
<given-names>Ville</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vosselman</surname>
<given-names>George</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-8028</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>342</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Muhammad Affan et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/335/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-335-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/335/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-335-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/335/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-335-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/335/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-335-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Geometric high-fidelity mesh reconstruction from LiDAR-inertial scans remains challenging in large, complex indoor environments &amp;ndash; such as cultural buildings &amp;ndash; where point cloud sparsity, geometric drift, and fixed fusion parameters produce holes, oversmoothing, and spurious surfaces at structural boundaries. We propose a modular, incremental RGB+LiDAR pipeline that generates incremental semantics-aided high-quality meshes from indoor scans through scan frame-based direct label transfer. A vision foundation model labels each incoming RGB frame; labels are incrementally projected and fused onto a LiDAR-inertial odometry map; and an incremental semantics-aware Truncated Signed Distance Function (TSDF) fusion step produces the final mesh via marching cubes. This frame-level fusion strategy preserves the geometric fidelity of LiDAR while leveraging rich visual semantics to resolve geometric ambiguities at reconstruction boundaries caused by LiDAR point-cloud sparsity and geometric drift. We demonstrate that semantic guidance improves geometric reconstruction quality; quantitative evaluation is therefore performed using geometric metrics on the Oxford Spires dataset, while results from the NTU VIRAL dataset are analyzed qualitatively. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art geometric baselines ImMesh and Voxblox, demonstrating the benefit of semantics-aided fusion for geometric mesh quality. The resulting semantically labelled meshes are of value when reconstructing Universal Scene Description (USD) assets, offering a path from indoor LiDAR scanning to XR and digital modeling.</p>
</abstract>
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