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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-397-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>TRACE: Instance-Level Open-Vocabulary Inventory Generation for 3D Forensic Evidence Reconstruction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eichinger</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Greza</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1501-1111</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Busam</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, TU Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Munich Center for Machine Learning, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>397</fpage>
<lpage>404</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Florian Eichinger et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/397/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-397-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/397/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-397-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/397/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-397-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/397/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-397-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>State of the art crime scene documentation not only relies on visually and geometrically faithful 3D reconstruction, but also structured access to potentially relevant evidentiary objects. Existing language-aware 3D scene representations enable open-vocabulary object querying and scene-level reasoning, yet they do not explicitly tackle the formation of globally consistent physical object instances across views. This limitation is particularly critical in forensic settings, where evidence is tied to discrete objects and where scenes are often visually complex, unstructured and atypical in appearance. We present &lt;em&gt;TRACE&lt;/em&gt;, a training-free framework for instance-level open-vocabulary inventory generation in 3D forensic evidence reconstruction. &lt;em&gt;TRACE&lt;/em&gt; combines multiview instance formation, language-aligned aggregation, and 2D&amp;ndash;3D semantic lifting within a unified Gaussian-based scene representation. It therefore moves beyond semantic scene querying towards a structured and language-addressable 3D inventory of physical evidence. The proposed formulation provides a bridge between investigator driven object assessment and instance-aware 3D scene understanding for forensic analysis.</p>
</abstract>
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