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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-405-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A practical workflow for road slopes monitoring using handled mobile mapping systems</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gómez-López</surname>
<given-names>José Miguel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pérez-García</surname>
<given-names>José Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mozas-Calvache</surname>
<given-names>Antonio Tomás</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5847-4338</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Delgado-García</surname>
<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vico-García</surname>
<given-names>Diego</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1622-6204</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Dept. Ing. Cartográfica, Geodésica y Fotogrametría, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>405</fpage>
<lpage>412</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 José Miguel Gómez-López et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/405/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-405-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/405/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-405-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/405/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-405-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/405/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-405-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>High-resolution monitoring of road infrastructure is essential for the early detection of geomorphological instabilities such as landslides and erosion. This study evaluates the performance of handled MMS under different vehicle-mounted configurations: a 2-meter survey pole versus a suction-cup mount, and varying acquisition speeds (10 and 20 km/h). Furthermore, a GNSS-denied scenario was simulated to test the robustness of SLAM-based processing. Initial results revealed significant geometric discrepancies (double-points artifacts and drift), particularly in the SLAM-only and high-speed datasets. To address this, an automated segment-based refinement workflow was developed using a ICP algorithm. The refinement successfully reduced the standard deviation to the level of the point cloud&amp;acute;s mean point spacing (5 cm). Comparative multitemporal analysis against UAV-LiDAR reference data confirms that the proposed refinement renders even SLAM-processed data viable for detecting centimetric terrain displacements. The findings demonstrate that while suction-cup mounting at 10 km/h is optimal, algorithmic refinement allows for reliable road slopes monitoring and change detection across all tested configurations.</p>
</abstract>
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