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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-477-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluation of Systematic and Random Errors in Occupancy Grid Maps</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Yuguang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Radanovic</surname>
<given-names>Marko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ehinger</surname>
<given-names>Krista A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Khoshelham</surname>
<given-names>Kourosh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>477</fpage>
<lpage>484</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Yuguang Liu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/477/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-477-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/477/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-477-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/477/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-477-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/477/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-477-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Map evaluation for occupancy grid mapping (OGM) is critical in the field of high-definition mapping of the road environment for autonomous vehicles. Existing methods cannot adequately evaluate the systematic and random errors that might be present in OGM. This article introduces two evaluation metrics for OGM under LiDAR position uncertainty: Mean Signed Distance (MSD) and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD). MSD quantifies systematic displacement of occupied cells, while MAD measures random error exhibited as boundary thickening. Unlike classification-based, probabilistic, and geometric metrics, MSD and MAD directly isolate displacement and thickening effects in OGM. We validate both metrics in a controlled synthetic environment and on a real indoor LiDAR dataset, showing better performance than conventional metrics.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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