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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-49-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Location Determination of Dynamic Objects Using a Single CCTV with Monocular Depth Estimation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jung</surname>
<given-names>Jiheon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Youn</surname>
<given-names>Junhee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Jieun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gong</surname>
<given-names>Junho</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Phillip</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Paik</surname>
<given-names>Sunwoong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Future &amp; Smart Construction Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 10223 Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Future &amp; Smart Construction Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 10223 Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jiheon Jung et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/49/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-49-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/49/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-49-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/49/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-49-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/49/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-49-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This contribution presents a method to determine ground coordinates of pedestrians from a single CCTV frame using monocular depth estimation and orthophoto-based ground control points. Urban crowd monitoring requires pedestrian location information, but many CCTV-based approaches rely on accurate camera calibration or multi-view configurations, which are often unavailable in real deployments. In this study, we exploit relative depth values from a monocular depth estimation model (Depth Anything V2) and ground control points jointly identifiable in both the CCTV frame and an orthophoto in EPSG:5186. For each frame, depth-based distance ratios between the pedestrian and ground control point pairs are used to construct Apollonius circles in the orthophoto plane, and the pedestrian position is estimated by a weighted least-squares adjustment of their intersections. The method is evaluated on 180 frames across two scenes from an urban testbed with camera&amp;ndash;target distances within approximately 50 m, across three GCP placement scenarios. For the optimal configuration (Scenario A), a mean RMSE of 1.989 m was achieved, excluding frames in which GCPs were temporarily occluded by moving objects, demonstrating that single-frame CCTV imagery combined with an orthophoto can achieve an accuracy of approximately 2 m without any EOP/IOP information, which is practically useful for urban crowd monitoring and dynamic thematic mapping. The influence of GCP placement geometry and occlusion conditions on estimation accuracy is also analyzed.</p>
</abstract>
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