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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-901-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>GNSS–Camera Systems for Heritage Documentation. Accuracy assessment of measurements of inaccessible points and preliminary tests in photogrammetric applications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Teppati Losè</surname>
<given-names>Lorenzo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6316-8842</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chiabrando</surname>
<given-names>Filiberto</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4982-5236</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Giulio Tonolo</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5783-0951</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>LabG4CH, Department of Architecture and Design (DAD) - Politecnico di Torino, Viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B2-2026</volume>
<fpage>901</fpage>
<lpage>908</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Lorenzo Teppati Losè et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/901/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-901-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/901/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-901-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/901/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-901-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B2-2026/901/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B2-2026-901-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The measurement of Ground Control Points is a crucial but time-consuming step in photogrammetric surveys, especially in the Built Heritage domain. This study investigates the use of a new generation Global Navigation Satellite System receiver equipped with an integrated camera to measure inaccessible points (to be used as GCPs, e.g. on building fa&amp;ccedil;ades), combining satellite positioning and photogrammetry in a single device. The approach was tested on a historical building using both the tested GNSS-camera system and traditional Total Station topographic measurements as reference. Results show that the proposed method can achieve centimetric accuracy, with horizontal and vertical errors of about 3-5 cm (in line with the adopted NRTK service). While a small systematic shift was observed, the overall geometric consistency of the measured points remained within acceptable limits for many heritage documentation applications. Additionally, the georeferenced images acquired by the system were successfully used in a Structure from Motion (SfM) direct georeferencing workflow, producing 3D models and orthophotos with good metric reliability when compared to other data, such as TLS scans. The study demonstrates that GNSS-camera systems can significantly reduce fieldwork time while providing reliable spatial data, representing a promising solution to be integrated into heritage documentation pipelines in an efficient and flexible way.</p>
</abstract>
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