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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1359-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Automated Monitoring of Geolocation Consistency in Micro-satellite SAR Imagery</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Johnsy</surname>
<given-names>Angel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Eyrin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Qiaoping</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tolpekin</surname>
<given-names>Valentyn</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wollersheim</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>ICEYE Oy, Maarintie 6, 02150 Espoo Uusimaa, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Stanford University, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B3-2026</volume>
<fpage>1359</fpage>
<lpage>1365</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Angel Johnsy et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1359/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1359-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1359/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1359-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1359/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1359-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1359/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1359-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>High revisit-rate Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) constellations generate large volumes of imagery that require consistent geolocation accuracy to support applications such as change detection and interferometry. However, variations in orbit determination, attitude knowledge, and external factors such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference can introduce geolocation errors that vary across acquisitions, making large-scale validation challenging. This study presents an automated approach to detect and quantify geolocation offsets in ICEYE SAR imagery by aligning orthorectified scenes with reference images using feature-based matching and correlation-based refinement. The method is validated against independently derived absolute geolocation measurements from corner reflector calibration sites in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Poland. Evaluation across 726 acquisitions demonstrates strong agreement with reference measurements, achieving an overall root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.39 m, with RMSE values of 1.18 m for Spotlight mode and 1.93 m for Stripmap mode. Operational applicability is demonstrated through large-scale acquisition campaigns, including nationwide Stripmap coverage over Japan and coherent image stack analysis. The results show that the proposed method can reliably estimate geolocation offsets, detect anomalies, and monitor geometric consistency across large SAR archives, providing a practical and scalable solution for automated geolocation quality control in micro-satellite SAR constellations.</p>
</abstract>
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