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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1427-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Multilingual LLM-Based GeoAI Framework for Natural-Language-Driven Remote Sensing Analysis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kiavarz Moghaddam</surname>
<given-names>Majid</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barekati</surname>
<given-names>Hossein</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kiavarz Moghaddam</surname>
<given-names>Hamid</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>M.Sc. in Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Geomatics Engineering, Department of Earth &amp; Space Science &amp; Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B3-2026</volume>
<fpage>1427</fpage>
<lpage>1434</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Majid Kiavarz Moghaddam et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1427/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1427-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1427/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1427-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1427/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1427-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/1427/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-1427-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The exponential growth of remote sensing data in recent years has underscored the need for intelligent, fast, and user-friendly analytical tools. Despite advancements in platforms such as Google Earth Engine and ENVI, the computation of spectral indices still demands specialized expertise, considerable time, and complex parameter tuning. This study aims to reduce the complexity of spatial data analysis and enhance its accessibility for non-expert users by developing an intelligent system capable of transforming simple natural language commands into automated remote-sensing index calculations. The main innovation lies in integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) with geospatial processing to establish a lightweight, multilingual, and fully automated framework capable of identifying index types and selecting appropriate spectral bands from Landsat data. The system was implemented using the Bloomz-560m language model in combination with open-source image-processing engines and deployed as a web-based interface. Experimental results over Tehran demonstrated that the model outputs were highly consistent with those generated by Google Earth Engine and ENVI, achieving an RMSE of 0.016 and a correlation coefficient of R&amp;sup2; = 0.957. The total processing time was under 45 seconds, with the entire workflow executed automatically without user intervention. By simplifying the analytical process and significantly reducing computation time, this framework represents a crucial step toward democratizing remote sensing and spatial analysis. It can be effectively applied to urban surface heat island (SUHI) monitoring, water resource management, and precision agriculture applications.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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