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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-189-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Using Deep Learning–Extracted Road Networks for More Accurate Small Satellite Geometric Correction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Marsetič</surname>
<given-names>Aleš</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pehani</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krašovec</surname>
<given-names>Nina</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8348-3760</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>SPACE-SI, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B3-2026</volume>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>196</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Aleš Marsetič et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-189-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-189-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-189-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/189/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-189-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In recent decades, many different satellites for Earth observation have been launched. They produce large amounts of data that, if properly preprocessed, can be used in many applications. A rapidly growing portion of these data comes from small satellites, which remain underused by scientists and entrepreneurs. However, greater utilisation can be ensured by producing images with positional accuracy of at least two pixels, which is necessary for their reliable use. This paper presents the upgraded version of the geometric correction module of the STORM processing chain. The module can automatically orthorectify images from the NEMO-HD small satellite, which, like other small satellites, in principle has a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and higher radiometric variability. It automatically extracts ground control points (GCPs) by matching freely available reference vector roads and reference images to roads extracted from the satellite image using a deep learning method trained on PlanetScope and NEMO-HD imagery. The performance of the geometric correction module was evaluated using three images acquired over Slovenia. The road extraction method can achieve an F1-score of approximately 60%. The tests demonstrated that automatic GCP extraction based on roads detected by a deep learning method is a viable approach for achieving geometric model accuracies of two pixels or less at independent check points when using small satellite imagery.</p>
</abstract>
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