<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-481-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating Metro Construction Impacts on Urban Ground Stability Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 InSAR</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coskun</surname>
<given-names>Suat</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bayik</surname>
<given-names>Caglar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Balik Sanli</surname>
<given-names>Fusun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gorum</surname>
<given-names>Tolga</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-7946</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abdikan</surname>
<given-names>Saygin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-352X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Bilecik, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geomatic Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geomatics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe/Ankara, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B3-2026</volume>
<fpage>481</fpage>
<lpage>486</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Suat Coskun et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/481/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-481-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/481/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-481-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/481/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-481-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/481/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-481-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Large cities are complex areas containing densely populated areas along with their infrastructure. Surface movements can pose risks to the safety of structures, such as subway lines, in urban areas. Advanced multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) methods are used to obtain surface deformations, specifically those covering large areas. In this study, the new metro line under construction in the Koceeli Gebze region, adjacent to Istanbul, was analyzed with the multi-time InSAR method. In this context, PS/DS-based phase-linking approach is applied on Sentinel-1 that was acquired between 2019 and 2025. The displacement can reach up to about 13.5 mm/yr specifically where the maximum movement is obtained at the first station. Several time series indicated the evolution of the movement over the surface at the stations. The affected buildings were also examined surrounding of the first stations. The results provide information on monitoring the structural health of infrastructure under construction and also on the impact on surrounding structures. InSAR monitoring methods contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9) and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11) by providing information about safe and sustainable building and settlement areas.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>