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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-881-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Synthesizing hyperspectral Data using generative Models to train spectral Unmixing Methods for low-cost Crop Residue Cover Mapping</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Artan</surname>
<given-names>Ege</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3882-1991</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Shuo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0122-7540</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Peng</surname>
<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1567-9274</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karya</surname>
<given-names>Sammuel Aldrich</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3312-3443</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Thiha</surname>
<given-names>Kyaw</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0526-5732</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>University of Toronto Scarborough, Univ. of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Space Systems, University of Toronto Aerospace Team, 10 King’s College Road, B740 Sandford Fleming Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B3-2026</volume>
<fpage>881</fpage>
<lpage>888</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Ege Artan et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/881/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-881-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/881/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-881-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/881/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-881-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/881/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-881-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The spectral range of the Field Imaging Nanosatellite for Crop residue Hyperspectral Mapping (FINCH), developed by the University of Toronto Aerospace Team&amp;rsquo;s Space System Division, poses significant challenges for hyperspectral unmixing to determine crop residue cover fractional abundances. The severe lack of standard indices necessitates the use of complex, data-driven unmixing models. Complex unmixing models require dense, well-distributed manifolds, whereas ground-truth datasets are sparse and expensive. To better leverage the information content in existing ground-truth datasets, this study presents a framework that decouples interpolation and abundance-mapping estimation via an intermediary conditional data generator, contrasting with traditional single-model unmixing pipelines. This decoupling enables the inclusion of physical prior knowledge about spectra, which is not natively accessible to unmixing models, thereby artificially expanding the dataset to serve as a Monte Carlo approximation of the population risk. To test this hypothesis, we have proposed two generator models: a 1D Conditional U-Net with Conformer Layers (GD-Streamline) and a Dual-Path Transformer Conditional Variational AutoEncoder (TCVAE), and two unmixing models: Multi-Layered Perceptrons (MLP) and Fourier Neural Operators (FNO). The results of the study indicate a need for rigorous integration and introduction of spectral priors within the scope of the proposed decoupling framework to prevent domain and mode collapse and hallucination by the generator models; otherwise, this leads to falsely approximated data manifolds, ultimately resulting in unsatisfactory and out-of-distribution unmixing performance.</p>
</abstract>
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