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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-961-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>DINOKey: Transformer-Based Keypoint Detection for Wildlife Monitoring in Aerial Imagery</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hsiao</surname>
<given-names>Jayden</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Patel</surname>
<given-names>Muhammed</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Clausi</surname>
<given-names>David A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Lincoln-Linlin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B3-2026</volume>
<fpage>961</fpage>
<lpage>966</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jayden Hsiao et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/961/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-961-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/961/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-961-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/961/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-961-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B3-2026/961/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B3-2026-961-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Point annotations offer a lightweight alternative to bounding boxes for object detection, particularly in aerial wildlife monitoring where objects are small, dense, and precise extents are unnecessary. However, most detectors are designed for box supervision. We introduce DINOKey, a transformer-based detector that operates directly on 2D keypoints by adapting the DINO framework to predict point coordinates. The model combines L1 regression loss, focal loss, and average Hausdorff distance to enforce both local accuracy and global consistency. On an aerial elephant dataset, DINOKey achieves a mAP of 0.786. Ablations show the Hausdorff term is critical in dense scenes, while focal loss improves stability under class imbalance. Results demonstrate that point-based transformer detectors are an effective alternative to box-based methods for small-object, high-density settings.Point annotations offer a lightweight alternative to bounding boxes for object detection, particularly in aerial wildlife monitoring where objects are small, dense, and precise extents are unnecessary. However, most detectors are designed for box supervision. We introduce DINOKey, a transformer-based detector that operates directly on 2D keypoints by adapting the DINO framework to predict point coordinates. The model combines L1 regression loss, focal loss, and average Hausdorff distance to enforce both local accuracy and global consistency. On an aerial elephant dataset, DINOKey achieves a mAP of 0.786. Ablations show the Hausdorff term is critical in dense scenes, while focal loss improves stability under class imbalance. Results demonstrate that point-based transformer detectors are an effective alternative to box-based methods for small-object, high-density settings.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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