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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-125-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>USFGeoAI: Applying LLMs and Foundation Models to Assist in Image Retrieval</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gamracy</surname>
<given-names>Hana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sodhi</surname>
<given-names>Paramdeep</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sphicas</surname>
<given-names>George</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>D’Souza</surname>
<given-names>Divya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garg</surname>
<given-names>Puranjai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gottlieb</surname>
<given-names>Noga</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sanjay Gupta</surname>
<given-names>Sahil</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maslekar</surname>
<given-names>Rucha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Patterson</surname>
<given-names>Atanas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Steaderman</surname>
<given-names>Noah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stout</surname>
<given-names>William</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lopez Ornelas</surname>
<given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saah</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-1219</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brizan</surname>
<given-names>David Guy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brooks</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Computer Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St., San Francisco, CA 94117 USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science (faculty), University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St., San Francisco, CA 94117 USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Computer Science (faculty), University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St., San Francisco, CA 94117 USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>125</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hana Gamracy et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/125/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-125-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/125/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-125-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/125/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-125-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/125/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-125-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Geospatial analysis is often hampered by two major obstacles: a scarcity of high-quality, annotated satellite imagery, and the complexity of interacting with machine learning tools for image analysis. To address this, we introduce USFGeoAI, a proof-of-concept system that allows users to query, retrieve, and analyze high-resolution imagery using natural language interaction and direct processing of images. The system incorporates IBM-NASA&amp;rsquo;s Prithvi Foundation Model for supervised detection of environmental features and the Clay Foundation Model for unsupervised similarity search when detectors are unavailable. An interactive interface allows users to search for features (such as swimming pools, vegetation changes, and burn scars), apply detectors to TIFF images, and explore new regions for model training.</p>
</abstract>
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