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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-369-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Comprehensive Toolkit for Semi-Automated HD Maps Production: Integrating AI-Driven Feature Extraction with 3D Interactive Validation and Editing</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chang</surname>
<given-names>Yi-Feng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chiang</surname>
<given-names>Kai-Wei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tsai</surname>
<given-names>Meng-Lun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Pei-Ling</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tsai</surname>
<given-names>Syun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Chi-Hsin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0708-6697</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>Ting-Chun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jen</surname>
<given-names>Yi-Han</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Jiun-Yo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Chang-Le</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Ching-Hsiang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Han-Che</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>NCKU, Department of Geomatics, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 701401, Taiwan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>369</fpage>
<lpage>375</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Yi-Feng Chang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/369/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-369-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/369/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-369-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/369/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-369-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/369/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-369-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper presents a comprehensive toolkit for semi-automated High-Definition Maps (HD Maps) production that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven feature extraction with 3D human-in-the-loop validation. High-definition maps provide centimeter-level road geometry and traffic asset information, but large-scale production remains costly due to dense mobile mapping data and manual digitization. The proposed workflow consists of two self-developed components: a Semi-automated HD Maps Production Tool for batch extraction and a 3D HD Maps Validation and Editing Tool for structured review. The project-based pipeline ingests georeferenced mobile laser scanning point clouds, Inertial Navigation System / Global Navigation Satellite System (INS/GNSS) trajectories, and camera imagery, and applies configurable chains of ground filtering, road-marking extraction, voxel down-sampling, clustering, oriented bounding box analysis, and AI-based traffic asset detection. Candidate features with confidence indicators and basic attributes are stored in a project database and edited in a tightly coupled 3D environment that supports snapping, constrained adjustments, and semantic reclassification while logging all user edits. The toolkit is evaluated on a closed proving ground (CARLab, Shalun) and a freeway section of Taiwan National Highway No. 3. At CARLab, semi-automated extraction achieves F1-scores of 0.85&amp;ndash;0.95 for key layers. For a one-kilometer highway section, operator time is reduced from 90&amp;ndash;120 minutes in a purely manual Geographic Information System (GIS) workflow to about 45 minutes with the proposed approach, while maintaining comparable geometric accuracy. These results demonstrate a practical path towards scalable, traceable HD Maps production for autonomous driving applications.</p>
</abstract>
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