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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-453-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Wind field risk aware Global Path Planning and Trajectory Optimization in Urban Low-altitude Environments</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Sichang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Leyang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Xiaoming</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mei</surname>
<given-names>Hang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>Lei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Yang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Ding</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P.R. China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>453</fpage>
<lpage>462</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Sichang Wang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/453/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-453-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/453/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-453-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/453/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-453-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/453/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-453-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban building clusters can significantly alter the low-altitude urban wind field, creating local regions with high wind speed, intense turbulence, and strong non-uniform disturbances. These conditions may cause lateral deviation, attitude instability, increased trajectory error, and even exceed the wind-resistance limits of low-altitude UAVs. To address the lack of explicit modeling of local high-risk wind regions in traditional path planning methods, this paper proposes a wind-risk-aware path planning method, termed RP- A* (Wind Risk-Aware Probability A*). First, a steady-state RANS urban airflow model with the standard k-&amp;epsilon; turbulence model is used to obtain the mean wind field and turbulence statistics in the low-altitude flight region. Second, the CFD results are reconstructed on a grid to build a wind risk model consisting of gust risk, crosswind risk, and overall wind-limit-exceedance risk. Third, a direction-dependent integrated risk cost is introduced into the A* search framework, and the RP-A* algorithm is developed to achieve path planning that balances route efficiency and flight safety. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations driven by turbulence-based wind perturbation samples are conducted to estimate the empirical failure rate of planned paths. Results show that RP-A* significantly reduces path failure risk compared with baseline shortest-path methods while requiring only a limited increase in path length. The proposed framework provides an effective approach for safe UAV path planning in complex urban low-altitude environments.</p>
</abstract>
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