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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-513-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Scenario-based energy simulation of tree planting strategies to reduce the heating and cooling demand of buildings under 2050 climate conditions</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rahmawati</surname>
<given-names>Adhisye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>Weixiao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sánchez</surname>
<given-names>Camilo León</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-7229</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Agugiaro</surname>
<given-names>Giorgio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2611-4650</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Master in Geomatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University &amp; Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>3D Geoinformation Group, Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>513</fpage>
<lpage>520</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Adhisye Rahmawati et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/513/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-513-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/513/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-513-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/513/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-513-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/513/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-513-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban areas account for a large share of global energy use and emissions and face increasing climate- and heat-related challenges. These conditions drive the development of district-scale strategies such as Positive Energy Districts. Urban Building Energy Modelling (UBEM) enables the systematic assessment of urban energy performance, but vegetation effects are often neglected or require complex model coupling. This paper presents an approach to integrate simplified 3D tree geometries into a CityGML-based UBEM framework using the energy simulation software SimStadt. Experiments are conducted in two neighbourhoods in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, using current and future climate datasets. Results show that cooling demand increases under future climate conditions, while heating demand decreases. Moreover, trees reduce cooling demand but introduce heating penalties due to winter shading, with a limited net energy effect and a seasonal imbalance between cooling and heating demand.</p>
</abstract>
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