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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-57-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Framework for Integrating and Managing Heterogeneous 3D Geospatial Data in Urban
Digital Twins</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lonappan</surname>
<given-names>Jeson</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shkedova</surname>
<given-names>Olga</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Feuerhake</surname>
<given-names>Udo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sester</surname>
<given-names>Monika</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>57</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jeson Lonappan et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/57/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-57-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/57/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-57-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/57/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-57-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/57/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-57-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban Digital Twins (UDT) require systematic integration of heterogeneous 3D geospatial data sources, but existing integration methods struggle with semantic information loss during fusion, geometric precision degradation through format conversions, and limited storage scalability. This paper presents a modular, database-centric framework achieving bidirectional semantic enrichment through semantically enriched voxelization. The framework integrates CityGML building models, Mobile Mapping System (MMS) point clouds, and Digital Terrain Models (DTM) using PostgreSQL/PostGIS database system with pgPointCloud, the point cloud extension of Postgres for patch-based storage. A two-stage refinement pipeline is applied to align MMS point clouds to CityGML wall surfaces using Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) and Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithms. To integrate the terrain, Constrained Delaunay Triangulation (CDT) algorithm is applied with building footprints as constraints. All datasets are independently voxelized at a common configurable resolution, with voxels enriched via custom pgPointCloud schemas storing multi-source attributes. A unified voxel table merges layers using priority-based conflict resolution. The framework is evaluated in terms of computational performance, registration precision, and storage efficiency, demonstrating feasibility and correctness of the integration pipeline on a representative urban test case. This paper presents a proof-of-concept evaluated on a small urban area in Hannover, Germany, demonstrating the framework&amp;rsquo;s potential for further development.</p>
</abstract>
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