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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-585-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A geographic knowledge integrated computation framework based on grid graph modelling</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Han</surname>
<given-names>Bing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Qu</surname>
<given-names>Tengteng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>585</fpage>
<lpage>590</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Bing Han</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/585/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-585-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/585/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-585-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/585/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-585-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/585/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-585-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Managing dynamic geographic knowledge effectively is hindered by fragmented tools lacking holistic integration, particularly when handling the heterogeneous and evolving nature of real world spatio-temporal data. Traditional knowledge graphs and databases struggle with efficient representation, storage, and reasoning over such complex information. This paper propose an integrated computation framework built upon Grid Graph Modelling to make geography computable. This framework provides an end-to-end solution encompassing knowledge representation, storage, querying, and spatio-temporal reasoning. It synergistically integrates three core components: the Grid Augmented Geographic Knowledge Graph (AugGKG) for unified grid based representation with computable spatial relations; the Grid Graph Database (GGD) for spatially aware storage and efficient grid algebra based computation; and the Grid Neighborhood-based Graph Convolutional Network (GN-GCN) for advanced reasoning by learning from semantic, spatial grid, and temporal dimensions. This cohesive architecture transforms diverse geographic data into actionable knowledge, enabling efficient querying and complex reasoning, paving the way for next generation intelligent geospatial systems, including empowering foundation models, enhancing smart cities, creating digital twins, and reasoning geographic event evolution.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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