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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-643-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Hierarchy-Aware Intent Recognition and Task-Oriented Text Generation for Non-Expert
Satellite Instructions</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Xinyue</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Chunhui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Hongwei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jiang</surname>
<given-names>Zifeng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>STAR.VISION Aerospace Group Limited, Hangzhou, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>643</fpage>
<lpage>652</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Xinyue Li et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/643/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-643-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/643/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-643-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/643/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-643-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/643/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-643-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>With the rapid advancement of large language models, natural-language-based understanding of satellite task requests is becoming increasingly important for improving the accessibility of remote-sensing services. However, satellite commands issued by nonexpert users are often conversational, ambiguous, and terminologically inconsistent, leading to a substantial gap between free-form expressions and structured task representations. To address this challenge, we propose a hierarchy-aware framework for intent recognition and task-oriented text generation from non-expert satellite instructions. Specifically, we design a hierarchical annotation scheme that models intent levels, parameter structures, inter-element relations, and execution complexity, and we further construct a hierarchical sequence representation for learning. We then introduce a boundary-aware sample organization method based on semantic similarity and structural proximity, together with a retrieval-augmented multi-type negative-sample reorganization strategy to enhance robustness. Finally, we adopt Qwen3-8B with LoRA for parameter-efficient domain adaptation and unified generation of top-level intents and task-oriented outputs. Experiments on a manually curated dataset of 4,025 non-expert satellite instructions show that the proposed method consistently outperforms multiple baselines on both intent classification and task-oriented generation, demonstrating a resource-efficient and scalable solution for natural-language satellite task interfaces.</p>
</abstract>
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