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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-97-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Linking Persistent Scatterers with Urban Features Using LoD2 Building Models</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wielgocka</surname>
<given-names>Natalia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-7046</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jóźków</surname>
<given-names>Grzegorz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bogusławski</surname>
<given-names>Paweł</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-9214</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLIX-B4-2026</volume>
<fpage>97</fpage>
<lpage>102</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Natalia Wielgocka et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/97/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-97-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/97/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-97-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/97/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-97-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLIX-B4-2026/97/2026/isprs-archives-XLIX-B4-2026-97-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) provides valuable information on ground and structural changes, particularly in dynamic urban environments. At the same time, urban digital twins (UDTs), as detailed three-dimensional (3D) representations of cities, are increasingly used for monitoring and analysis. However, the effective integration of results of PSI processing named Point Scatterers (PSs) into such frameworks remains challenging due to the limited positional accuracy of PSs, despite the high precision of displacement estimates. This study investigates a methodology for integrating PSI data from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and Level of Detail 2 (LoD2) building models to improve the connection of PSs with real-world objects. Three integration variants were analysed, differing in the reference datasets used for linking: (i) ALS point cloud, (ii) point cloud derived from LoD2 models and digital terrain model (DTM), and (iii) a combined approach integrating ALS and LoD2representations. The results demonstrate that the combined approach yields the highest performance, achieving up to 88% of successfully linked PSs, compared to 70.4% and 80.3% for the ALS-only and LoD2-based approaches, respectively. The findings indicate that LoD2 models provide sufficient geometric detail for PS linking, despite lacking fine-scale building elements. Their use improves data completeness, particularly on building facades, where ALS data are often sparse or missing. The proposed methodology confirms the applicability of EGMS products as a valuable data source for 3D geoportals and urban digital twins, supporting advanced spatial analyses in complex environments.</p>
</abstract>
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