<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-479-2024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Leveraging Deep Learning for Automated Reconstruction of Indoor Unstructured Elements in Scan-to-BIM</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mahmoud</surname>
<given-names>Mostafa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Wu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Yang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Tianxia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Yaxin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Micro Dimension Technology Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Public Works Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1-2024</volume>
<fpage>479</fpage>
<lpage>486</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Mostafa Mahmoud et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-2024/479/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-479-2024.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-2024/479/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-479-2024.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-2024/479/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-479-2024.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-2024/479/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-479-2024.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Achieving automatic 3D reconstruction for indoor scenes is extremely useful in the field of scene understanding. Building information modeling (BIM) models are essential for lowering project costs, assisting in building planning and renovations, as well as improving building management efficiency. However, nearly all current available scan-to-BIM approaches employ manual or semi-automatic methods. These approaches concentrate solely on significant structured objects, neglecting other unstructured elements such as furniture. The limitation arises from challenges in modeling incomplete point clouds of obstructed objects and capturing indoor scene details. Therefore, this research introduces an innovative and effective reconstruction framework based on deep learning semantic segmentation and model-driven techniques to address these limitations. The proposed framework utilizes wall segment recognition, feature extraction, opening detection, and automatic modeling to reconstruct 3D structured models of point clouds with different room layouts in both Manhattan and non-Manhattan architectures. Moreover, it provides 3D BIM models of actual unstructured elements by detecting objects, completing point clouds, establishing bounding boxes, determining type and orientation, and automatically generating 3D BIM models with a parametric algorithm implemented into the Revit software. We evaluated this framework using publicly available and locally generated point cloud datasets with varying furniture combinations and layout complexity. The results demonstrate the proposed framework&apos;s efficiency in reconstructing structured indoor elements, exhibiting completeness and geometric accuracy, and achieving precision and recall values greater than 98%. Furthermore, the generated unstructured 3D BIM models keep essential real-scene characteristics such as geometry, spatial locations, numerical aspects, various shapes, and orientations compared to literature methods.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>