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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-161-2023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>EVALUATION OF A GNSS/IMU/LIDAR-INTEGRATION FOR AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING USING RTKLIB PPK AND PPP GNSS SOLUTIONS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pöppl</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9397-4370</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mandlburger</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pfeifer</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>19</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W3-2023</volume>
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>166</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2023 F. Pöppl et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/161/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-161-2023.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/161/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-161-2023.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/161/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-161-2023.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/161/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-161-2023.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Airborne laser scanning allows for efficient acquisition of accurate 3D data for large areas. Because georeferencing of the LiDAR data requires knowledge of the platform trajectory, the laser scanner system commonly comprises a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver/antenna and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The standard processing pipeline consists of GNSS/IMU integration, georeferencing, and subsequent adjustment of the laser data. Here, we consider a holistic GNSS/IMU/LiDAR-integration approach based on least-squares adjustment. The GNSS is loosely coupled, and the GNSS positions are obtained using either postprocessing kinematic or precise point positioning GNSS processing strategies using the open-source software RTKLib. In this contribution, we compare the resulting point clouds to those of a standard processing workflow and evaluate the impact of the different processing strategies on point cloud quality in terms of internal consistency and absolute accuracy for a airborne laser bathymetry (ALB) dataset. Although the GNSS solutions themselves differ strongly, both the PPK- and the PPP-derived point clouds show better strip differences (below 2.5 cm) and similar absolute accuracy (&amp;lt;4 cm RMSE w.r.t. reference targets after correction of constant datum shift) compared to the reference solution.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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