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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-55-2023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>TERRESTRIAL 3D MAPPING OF FORESTS: GEOREFERENCING CHALLENGES AND SENSORS COMPARISONS</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fol</surname>
<given-names>C. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Murtiyoso</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kükenbrink</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3083-640X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Remondino</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-5342</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Griess</surname>
<given-names>V. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Forest Resources Management, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Swiss National Forest Inventory, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>3D Optical Metrology (3DOM) unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>19</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W3-2023</volume>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>61</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2023 C. R. Fol et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/55/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-55-2023.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/55/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-55-2023.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/55/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-55-2023.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W3-2023/55/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W3-2023-55-2023.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Terrestrial 3D reconstruction is a research topic that has recently received significant attention in the forestry sector. This practice enables the acquisition of high-quality 3D data, which can be used not only to derive physical forest criteria such as tree positions and diameters, but also more detailed analyses related to ecological parameters such as habitat availability and biomass. However, several challenges must be addressed before fully integrating this technology into forestry practices. The primary challenge is accurately georeferencing surveyed 3D data acquired in the same location and placing them into a national projection reference system. Unfortunately, due to the forest canopy, the GNSS signal is often obstructed, and it cannot guarantee sub-meter accuracy. In this paper, we have implemented an indirect georeferencing methodology based on spheres with known coordinates placed at the forest&amp;rsquo;s edge where GNSS reception was more reliable and accurate than under the canopy. We evaluated its performance through three analyses that confirmed the validity of our approach. Indeed, the accuracy of the TLS point cloud, georeferenced using our method, is within a centimetre level (4.7 cm), whereas mobile scanning methods demonstrate accuracy within the decimetre range but still less than a metre. Additionally, we have initiated the analysis of a potential future application for mixed reality headsets, which could enable real-time acquisition and visualisation of 3D data.</p>
</abstract>
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