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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-13-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>LRMO: A Lightweight and Redundant Multi-Modal Odometry Framework for Robust Intelligent Vehicle Localization</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>Xinye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Liang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tu</surname>
<given-names>Zhiyong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Shiqi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Shujie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Fenfen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>Weiwei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W5-2025</volume>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Xinye Dai et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/13/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-13-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/13/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-13-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/13/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-13-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/13/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-13-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Reliable and robust self-localization is the essential component of intelligent vehicles (IV). Many scholarly works have been focused on developing accurate multi-modal integrated pose estimation schemes. Such single estimation engine design lacks consideration of potential individual sensor failures. In this paper, we present a resilient framework that exploits the redundancy of different sensors using a stack of odometry algorithms. The multiple pose estimation algorithms run in parallel with a general adaptivity and lightweight design. Specifically, we integrate the vehicle wheel encoder and the vehicle dynamics data to the filter-based LiDAR-inertial odometry. In contrast to most of the odometry algorithms which may fail entirely against temporary failures, the redundant system enables self-recovery of individual odometry through reinitialization. The most promising odometry is selected at each timestamp through weighting metric evaluation. In this way, our method can exploit the robustness and advantages of individual estimating engines. We evaluate our method on both research purpose IVs and mass-produced IVs. The experimental results suggest that our approach is resilient to various failure cases and achieves better performance than individual methods.</p>
</abstract>
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