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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-27-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Implementation of an automated georeferencing workflow for architectural elements in GIS using ML and Cloud Computing</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Doria</surname>
<given-names>Elisabetta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carcano</surname>
<given-names>Luca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>DICAr, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia – Pavia, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behaviour, Faculty of Communication, IULM University, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W5-2025</volume>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Elisabetta Doria</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/27/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-27-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/27/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-27-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/27/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-27-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W5-2025/27/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W5-2025-27-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This research presents a scalable, cloud-based workflow integrating Machine Learning (ML) and 3D Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to support the automated detection of architectural elements and urban management. Via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) georeferenced images, the system enables an automated and scheduled detection, geolocation, and import of architectural elements (e.g., domes, photovoltaics panels, tanks) data and metadata into a 3D GIS environment. A validated urban case study was conducted using UAV-acquired georeferenced images processed through a Structure-from-Motion (SfM) pipeline. Orthoimage chunks and dataset were uploaded to Google Cloud Storage, triggering an event-driven architecture built on a Cloud Computing Infrastructure. The pipeline leverages Vertex AI object detection via AutoML, the predictions of which are subsequently enriched with geospatial metadata. The output data is stored in BigQuery and Cloud Storage for urban GIS integration and analysis. Results confirm the viability of the pipeline for repeatable, and automated urban monitoring, reducing manual labour and improving safety for building maintenance workers. This approach is focused on the use of mobile mapping data processing, 3D reconstruction of urban areas, AI process for detection and urban maintenance and to develop smart city applications.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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